L2: Effort, Goals, and Enjoyment

In Gardner's socio-educational model, motivation to learn the second language includes three elements. The motivated learner:

1. expends effort to learn the language. 
2. wants to achieve a goal. 
3. enjoys the task of learning the language.

Gardner, R.C. (2001). Language Learning Motivation: the Student, the Teacher, and the Researcher. Texas Papers in Foreign Language Education, 6, 1-18.